RESUMO A falta de dados fluviométricos nas bacias hidrográficas interfere diretamente nas estimativas da capacidade de reservatórios de regularização, importantes no atendimento das demandas sazonais de água. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de metodologias utilizando-se séries sintéticas de vazão (SS) para dimensionar reservatórios de regularização na Bacia do Rio Jequitinhonha. A capacidade do reservatório (CR) foi estimada com e sem a associação ao período de retorno, a partir de diferentes valores de percentagem da vazão média de longo termo, utilizando-se SS obtidas a partir de dados observados e de dados estimados pelo processo de regionalização de vazões desenvolvido pelo Instituto Mineiro de Gestão das Águas. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados à CR obtida nos métodos regionalização da curva de regularização e regionalização da capacidade do reservatório. Os métodos que utilizam as séries sintéticas associadas ao período de retorno apresentaram melhor desempenho, com valores médios de superestimativas e subestimativas menores que 25 e 15%, respectivamente, estimando valores mais próximos daqueles que consideram a série de dados observados. Desta forma, o uso de metodologias para estimar CR utilizando SS mostrou-se adequado para locais sem monitoramento fluviométrico na Bacia do Rio Jequitinhonha.

ABSTRACT The lack of fluviometric data for hydrographic basins affects the estimates of capacity of regularization reservoirs, important to meet water seasonal demands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of methodologies based on synthetic series (SS) of streamflow for the dimensioning of regularization reservoirs in the Jequitinhonha River Basin, Brazil. The reservoir capacity (RC) was estimated with and without the association to return period, using different long-term mean streamflow rates, SS from the observed data, and estimated data by the streamflow regionalization process developed by the Instituto Mineiro de Gestão das Águas. The results obtained were compared to the RC obtained in regionalization methods of the regularization curve and regionalization of reservoir capacity. The methods that include synthetic series associated to return period presented better performance, with 25% and 15% lower overestimate and underestimate means, respectively, and estimated values closer to those that considered the observed data series. Therefore, the use of methodologies to estimate RC, using SS was adequate for the locations without fluviometric monitoring in the Jequitinhonha River Basin.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o efeito da aplicação de fungicidas com agente biológico como alternativa do controle de requeima em tomateiro híbrido Silvety. O experimento foi conduzido em campo entre 2011 e 2012 na área experimental da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista-BA. Empregou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e unidade experimental constituída por 12 plantas. Os tratamentos (T) foram: T1) testemunha não pulverizada; T2) Trichoderma harzianum(2x108conídios/mL); T3) Trichoderma longibrachiatum(2x108conídios/mL); T4) metalaxyl-M + mancozeb (204 g/100L i.a/ha); T5) cloridrato de propamocarbe + fluopicolide (1000 g i.a/ha) e T6) dimetamorfe (75 g/100L i.a/ha), aplicados de forma preventiva aos 35, 42, 49 e 56 DAT (dias após o transplante). Avaliou-se a severidade da doença, a produtividade e seus componentes (número de frutos por planta, massa média dos frutos, produção). Os resultados da severidade foram utilizados para calcular a área abaixo da curva do progresso da requeima (AACPR). Para a comparação das médias, realizou-se a análise de variância e teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os fungicidas químicos promoveram maior proteção contra a requeima do tomateiro. Com cloridrato de propamocarbe + fluopicolide e metalaxyl-M + mancozeb foram obtidas as menores porcentagens de área foliar atacada pela requeima, de 2,6 e 4,36%, respectivamente, conforme avaliação aos 65 DAT. Os isolados Trichobio01 e Trichonemate01 apresentaram eficiência protetora contra a requeima até o 58º DAT. Propamocarbe + fluopicolide demonstrou eficiência no controle de requeima, apresentando a menor AACPR com 31,50 e um incremento médio de 47% na produtividade.

This study aimed to compare the efficiency of chemicals and biological agents in the alternative control of P. infestans in tomato hybrid Silvety. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the State University of Southwest Bahia, Brazil in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The experimental unit consisted of 12 plants. The treatments (T) were: T1) nonsprayed check; T2) Trichoderma harzianum; T3) Trichoderma longibrachiatum; T4) metalaxyl-M + mancozeb; T5) propamocarb hydrochloride + fluopicolide, and T6) dimetamorph. Besides the evaluation of disease severity, the following variables were evaluated: number of fruits per plant, mean fruit weight and yield. The severity assessments were used to calculate area under the disease curve of the late blight progress (AACPR). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and to the Tukey test (5%). The chemical fungicides, regardless of their mode of action, gave a greater protection against late blight. Hydrochloride propamocarbe + fluopicolide and metalaxyl-M + mancozeb resulted in the lowest rates of disease foliar area, 2.6 and 4.36%, respectively, 65 days after transplant (DAT). The biological control agents T. harzianum and T. longibrachiatum showed protective efficiency against the late blight until 58 DAT. Propamocarbe + fluopicolide had the lowest value of the AACPR (31.50) and an average increase of 47% in productivity in relation to the nonsprayed treatment.

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a by-product of the cashew kernel industry, applied mainly to produce polymeric derivatives. The technical CNSL (CNSLT) was obtained industrially, extracted by roasting the cashew nut shells at temperatures between 180 and 200 ºC. Two methods were used to produce natural CNSL. For the extraction of CNSLNP, the cashew nut shells were pressed at room temperature. CNSLNS was extracted in hexane at room temperature and recovered at 50 ºC. A comparison was made of the composition determined by HPLC and properties generated by viscosity measurements and also by TG, DSC and IPDT (integral procedural decomposition temperature). Natural CNSLs displayed higher content of cardol and anacardic acid and lower percentage of cardanol than CNSLT. The higher content of cardanol in CNSLNS was the major difference between natural CNSLs. CNSLNP had higher levels of impurity, higher viscosity, lower thermoxidative stabilities and lower ebullition temperature. The CNSL obtained by cold solvent extraction and recovery at 50 ºC better preserves the original properties of the liquid.

The objectives of the present study were to identify species of reef fish that use the Rio Formoso estuary (northeastern Brazil) as a refuge and natural nursery and to describe the spatial distribution of the estuary fish fauna in rainy and dry seasons. A total of 5475 specimens, across 78 species and 39 families, were analyzed; 51.3% of the species were of reef origin. Among these, Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863), E. gula (Cuvier, 1830), and Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758), in this order, were the most abundant in the upper estuary; S. greeleyi Gilbert, 1900, E. melanopterus, and Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758) were the most abundant in the mid estuary; and E. gula and Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) in the lower estuary. The percentages of reef species were 39.2%, 54.2% and 66.7% for the upper, mid and lower regions, respectively. The greatest diversity was found in the upper estuary and greatest abundance occurred in the mid region. The type of sediment was a strong determinant of the spatial distribution of fish fauna. The most abundant species were found in a mesohaline (5-18) to euhaline (30-40) salinity regimen, suggesting some capacity for osmotic regulation. The fish fauna of the Rio Formoso estuary receives a direct influence from the reefs and coastal region between Sirinhaém and Tamandaré, thereby providing a greater richness of reef fish.

A dinâmica populacional e a produção secundária do poliqueta Euzonus furciferus foi estudada em uma praia arenosa exposta do sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado na praia de Atami, de fevereiro de 1992 a março de 1993. Euzonus furciferus Ehlers, 1897 é a única espécie comedora de depósito da região superior do intermareal. Os organismos foram encontrados na praia ao longo de todo o ano, concentrados em uma estreita faixa, e alcançando densidades máximas de 3.029 indivíduos.m-2. Picos de abundância ocorreram em setembro de 1992, com uma média de 681,8 indivíduos.m-2. O recrutamento ocorreu no inverno, com um pico em julho. A biomassa média anual foi estimada em 0,218 gPSLC m-2, com uma produção anual total de 0,466 gPSLC m-2ano-1, e com uma razão P/B de 2,13 ano-1. Valores similares foram encontrados para um poliqueta filtrador existentes na mesma praia, sugerindo que a disponibilidade geral de alimento para cada ambiente particular é mais importante para a produção do que a estratégia trófica empregada pelos organismos que exploram este ambiente.

The distribution, population dynamics and secondary production of the polychaete Euzonus furciferus was studied in Atami Beach (Southern Brazil), from February 1992 to March 1993. Euzonus furciferus Ehlers, 1897 is the only deposit feeder species of the upper intertidal region. The organisms were present in the sandy beach all over the year, concentrated in a narrow band, and reaching maximal densities of 3,029 individuals m-2. Peaks of abundance occurred in September 1992, with a mean of 681.8 individuals m-2. Recruitment occurred in winter, with a peak in July. Mean annual biomass was estimated in 0.218 gAFDW m-2, with a total annual production of 0.466 gAFDW m-2 y-1, giving a P/B ratio of 2.13 y-1. Similar values were found for a filter-feeder polychaete inhabiting the same beach, suggesting that general food disposability of each particular environment is more important for production than the trophic strategic employed by those organisms exploring this environment.

O molusco Mytilopsis leucophaeta (Conrad, 1831), natural da América do Norte, foi localizado no litoral de Pernambuco, Brasil, em 2004, trazido provavelmente por água de lastro de navios. Na região, sua distribuição atualmente abrange zonas estuarinas adjacentes ao Porto do Recife. Os organismos foram encontrados restritos à região entre-marés, formando agregados densos com até 176.800 ind./m².

The mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeta (Conrad, 1831) is native to North America. It was found at Pernambuco Coast, northeastern Brazil, in 2004, probably brought by ships' ballast water. The distribution of this species has been now spread to estuarial area near Recife Harbour. They showed a clumped distribution with a maximum of 176,800 ind./m² only in the intertidal zone.

A recreational fishery that use ghost-shrimp as bait was evaluated along 11 km of a sandy beach of Paraná State. The beach was divided in five sectors and samples were obtained along a transect extended on the middle of each sector, after and before months of major extractive activity. The highest densities were found in beaches with well select very fine sands and gentle slope. The density decreased only at the sector that presented greater extractive activity. In this sector, the smallest mean modal size was detected too. The total standing stock of the whole area was 2,486,250 individuals before summer's months, with a mean density of de 4.48 ind.m-2. Annual fishing effort represented nearly 10 % of total standing stock.

O experimento objetivou estabelecer um modelo matemático para estimar a área foliar de feijão-vagem de crescimento determinado por meio da largura máxima do folíolo central. As medidas foram realizadas em seis plantas (método não-destrutivo) e em quatro plantas (método destrutivo) aos 21, 30, 37, 44 e 51 dias após a emergência. A área foliar real foi determinada por meio do medidor "Area Meter" (modelo LICOR LI-3000). Os modelos matemáticos obtidos por regressão foram aplicados aos métodos destrutivos e não destrutivos, e comparados à área foliar estimada e a real. O modelo de potência (AF = 0,1026*L1,6871, R²=0,98) estima a área foliar (AF) de plantas de feijão-vagem de crescimento determinado, portanto a largura máxima do folíolo central (L) pode ser usada para determinar a área foliar pelo método não-destrutivo.

An experiment was conducted to establish a mathematical model based on the linear measurement of the maximum width of the central leaflet to estimate the leaf area of determinate type of snap bean. The measurements were made using the non-destructive method in six plants and the destructive method in four plants on the 21, 30, 37, 44 and 51 days after emergence. The area of each leaflet was obtained by using an area meter LICOR LI-3000 model. The models, obtained by regression, were tested in destructive and non-destructive methods comparing the estimated and the measured leaf area. The model AF = 0.1026*L1,6871 (R²=0.98) was effective to estimate the leaf area (AF) of snap bean plants in non-destructive way showing that the maximum width of the central leaflet (L) estimates the real leaf area.

The acid properties of palygorskite clay (R1) were studied using n-butylamine as probe molecule. A comparison was made of these properties in palygorskite clay (R1), in an acidified palygorskite (R2) and in acid palygorskite loaded with 2% of lanthanum (R3). The total acid properties were determined by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and TG-DTA (thermogravimetry). The acidity increased as follows: R3>R2>R1. The acid strength sites were classified as physisorbed, weak, medium and strong. The acid treatment did not change the site distribution, apparently only removing channel impurities. The introduction of lanthanum created many more acid sites and increased the specific area. Both weak and strong sites, which increased significantly, were considered new active acid sites produced by the lanthanum.